Solution for: CBT GT Reading Test 30: Pubs of England

Pubs of England

A. Adam and Eve has records dating back to 1249, when workmen building the nearby Norwich Cathedral were the pub's first recorded customers as they were housed there and were paid with bread and ale. The pub's first owners were monks from the Great Hospital, which is located down the road. Adam and Eve has a reputation for being haunted by a medieval French-speaking monk, whose remains were found during a cellar excavation in the 1970s.

B. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claims that the pub was established in 1189; however there are no records verifying this date. There is evidence that the earliest parts of the pub's building only date back to 1650. The pub is famous for its cave rooms, which are part of nearby Castle Rock - these caves were used as a brew house for the castle and date back to when the castle was constructed in 1068.

C. The Royal Standard of England is one of the only pubs which claims it is England's oldest, to have actual proof of its history going back to at least 1086, because its existence as an alehouse, called the Ship Inn, is documented in the Domesday Book. The pub got its name from King Charles II, who frequently met his mistresses in the rooms above the pub - he granted the pub's landlord permission to change the name from The Ship to its current name. Like several other old English buildings, The Royal Standard claims that it is haunted by various ghosts.

D. The Bingley Arms, which used to be called The Priests Inn, served as a courthouse from around AD 1000 from which offenders were taken to the pillory across the road; it was also a safe house for persecuted Catholic priests. There is evidence that suggests the pub may be even older than its known history - it may go as far back as 905 and could have been standing before nearby All Hallows Church that was built in 950.

E. The Porch House has been renovated in recent years, but it claims that parts of the building were once a hospice built by order of the Duke of Cornwall 947. In the 1970s, when the pub was receiving renovations, some of the building's timber was dated to 1000 + 50 years, which backs up the pub's story of its history.

F. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks also claims it is England's oldest pub. According to the pub's own history, it dates back to the 18th Century and the pub's foundations were part of the Palace of Offa, king of the Mercians, dating back to around 793. Locals believe that there are several tunnels connecting the pub's beer cellar to St Albans Cathedral, which were used by monks in the past.

G. The Old Ferry Boat Inn claims that it is England's oldest inn. According to legend, the inn has been serving alcohol on its premises since 560, which would make it the oldest pub in England. No one knows for sure if the Old Ferry Boat Inn is as old as it claims as the building's age has been hard to date. In addition to its claim as England's oldest pub and inn, it is reportedly haunted. Local legend says that a young, heartbroken girl named Juliet committed suicide near the town's church and that the inn was built over her grave.

Pigeons

In many cities around the world, feral pigeons are a dime a dozen. They roost on roofs, they coo from wires, and they peck outside bakeries, waiting for day-old hand-outs. Pigeons that bred for racing are birds of a fancier feather--and one buyer recently shelled out $1.4 million to add a little guy named Armando to their roster of winged competitors.

A Belgian breeder put Armando up for sale on the pigeon auction site PIPA, where several bidders scrambled to nab him. When bidding closed, Armando's price had inched above €1.2 million (more than $1.4 million, in U.S. dollars). Seven of Armando's offspring were also up for sale, and they'll fan out across Belgium, Turkey, Germany, The Netherlands, and China.

Armando will head to China, too, where the sport of pigeon racing has boomed in recent years. On the mainland, where most forms of gambling are prohibited, pigeon racing gets a pass, and there are at least 100,000 pigeon breeders in Beijing alone.

Many wildlife groups and rehabilitators are fundamentally opposed to pigeon racing, arguing that the birds face a barrage of challenges before, during, and after the events, which sometimes span hundreds of miles. "We think this is a flawed situation right from the beginning," says Elizabeth Young, founding director of Palomacy, a pigeon rescue organization in the San Francisco Bay Area. Young's group works with domestic pigeons who find themselves in the wild, including ones that were grounded during races, often because they were struck by hawks, outmatched by the wind, or ran out of energy.

From a purchaser's perspective, this bird had several things working in his favour, says Tim Heidrich, secretary of the National Pigeon Association, a bird fanciers' group. Armando has already soared past the competition in several long-distance races, and delivered sterling performances in Belgium, Heidrich says, where competition is stiff. Selecting a racing pigeon can be similar to selecting champion dogs or thoroughbred race horses, says Deone Roberts, sport development manager at the American Racing Pigeon Union. "Pedigree can be important for the owner who may be hoping for genetic transmission of the most desired qualities," Roberts says. Armando is also young enough to be bred several times over the years, Heidrich says, "thus maximizing the investment in him."

While other top birds have sold for hundreds of thousands of dollars in the past-and despite Armando's bona fides "I think the price got very much out of hand," Heidrich writes in an email. "You probably had a couple of billionaires bidding with their egos instead of their brains." Still, Heidrich adds, "Like a great race horse, he's worth what someone is willing to pay."

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A. Windy Bays is the resort to be in when you visit Goa. A 10 minute walk from the beach, you are away from the noise and hustle and bustle, and at the same time, within easy reach of the beach. Buffet breakfast is complimentary, as is an airport pick-up and drop. Book your rooms early to avail of the best rates.

B. The Shanty Shacks are exactly what the beach-bummers look for when in Goa. Walk out of your room and feel the fine white sands crunching between your toes, and even before you have got over this delightfully exhilarating experience you will find yourself in the warm and welcoming waters of the Arabian Sea. You can choose to share a room and thus save on costs and also make new friends. Restaurants are plentiful on the beach, so all your meals are just a holler away.

C. The Mandarin is a premium property in Goa, one block from the beach, redefining luxury for the discerning tourist. Tastefully appointed en suite rooms and suites, three in-house restaurants serving Chinese, Italian and Indian cuisines, an Olympic sized swimming pool, a well-equipped gym and en-suite bathrooms complete the Mandarin experience.

D. The Sea King Hotel has been a favourite of travellers on business and leisure for a long long time. A well-equipped conference-cum-banquet hall with in-built audio-visual equipment; attentive service staff, and group discount for corporates, along with a resto-bar with live music on weekends, add to it the swimming pool, gym and billiards room, shuttles to and from the beach every 15 minutes during peak hours, the Sea King is the king of hotels in Goa.

E. The House on the Mandovi River is a beautifully located property, with a view of the hills adjacent to Panjim on one side and serenely flowing river on the other. Wake up to the chirping of birds, revel in the beauties of nature and relax and refresh yourself, away from the hustle and bustle of your daily grind. Join our daily Yoga classes or walk across to the spa for a rejuvenating session with our experts. Airport pick-up and drop is available on request.

F. Mystical Chimes is the place to come to when in Goa. Our in-house band is the most well known in these parts and with Arushi, the award winning Deejay at the turn-table, our evenings are jam-packed with the young at heart wanting to shake a leg. Your cover includes a buffet dinner, and you can bring your alcohol, what else would you want? We place a limit on the number of guests, so dial in now and make a booking!

G. The Hermitage is one of Goa's best known hotels for exotic views, where every room is tastefully done up with its own private balcony overlooking the ocean, which is just around the corner of the street. Add to it the Oriental restaurant where we serve delicious cuisines including vegan choices, 24 hrs. room service and a travel desk to take care of all your local travel needs including air-port pick-up and drop, ours is a hard choice to beat.

Equipment Used In Gymnasiums

A. BENCH PRESS: This is used for upper body strength training exercises, where you are pushing weight upwards as you're lying on your back. You want the perfect chest? This is one of the tools you use to train for that chest. MUSCLES USED: Biceps, Triceps, Lats, Shoulders, Chest, and Upper Back.

B. INCLINE BENCH PRESS: Essentially an elevated bench press, but the elevation affects the muscle being targeted. MUSCLES USED: The upper chest is targeted by the incline, as well as shoulders and triceps. It is not uncommon to use dumbbells in conjunction with or instead of a barbell on an incline bench.

C. HAMMER STRENGTH MACHINE: A favorite among athletes, this mechanic focuses on explosiveness. MUSCLES USED: Different types target different muscle groups; primarily chest, then shoulders and triceps, to traps, and others.

D. CABLES AND PULLEYS: Very diverse workout machine in the amount and types of exercises that can be performed by attaching grips to the end of the cables. MUSCLES USED: The inherent design and versatility of this machine allows for it to essentially touch upon every muscle in the body.

E. DUMBBELLS: Pretty much the go-to gym equipment most people first think of when they think of bodybuilding. Varying in weight, but having the same concept, a handle bar with weights on opposite ends is similar as regards muscles targeted. A must have free weight for any fitness regimen. There are even adjustable dumbbells with differing weights all in one piece. MUSCLES USED: You can target a good amount of muscles with dumbbells. These exercises work the biceps, shoulders and triceps. Some of the muscles you can work with dumbbells are: chest, shoulders, triceps, traps, biceps, lats, glutes, quads, hamstrings, and calves.

F. PULLUP BAR: The best tool for upper body exercise and strengthening. You can pull yourself up with any grip, though palms facing forward are the most popular one seen in demonstrations. Different grips and hand positions can affect different muscles. You pull yourself up, until your chin is over the bar. MUSCLES USED: Trunk, arms, shoulders, abs, pelvic floor muscles, hands and forearms. Different types of pull-ups affect different muscles. Some of the more common types of pull-up exercises are: behind the neck, underhand grip, pull-up to waist, wide/butterfly grip.

G. LAT PULLDOWN MACHINE: Used for strengthening your latissimus dorsi muscle, or lats as they are known. Pull downwards toward you, keeping your elbows and back straight. Google a picture of Bruce Lee and you'll see the lats you're capable of attaining with this machine. MUSCLES USED: Upper and lower back; biceps, and lats in particular (as is evident by the name of this exercise machine).

Elephant communication

A A postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, O'Connell-Rodwell has come to Namibia's premiere wildlife sanctuary to explore the mysterious and complex world of elephant communication. She and her colleagues are part of a scientific revolution that began nearly two decades ago with the stunning revelation that elephants communicate over long distances using low-frequency sounds, also called infrasounds, that are too deep to be heard by most humans.

B As might be expected, the African elephant's ability to sense seismic sound may begin in the ears. The hammer bone of the elephant's inner ear is proportionally very large for a mammal, but typical for animals that use vibrational signals. It may therefore be a sign that elephants can communicate with seismic sounds. Also, the elephant and its relative the manatee are unique among mammals in having reverted to a reptilian-like cochlear structure in the inner ear. The cochlea of reptiles facilitates a keen sensitivity to vibrations and may do the same in elephants.

C But other aspects of elephant anatomy also support that ability. First, their enormous bodies, which allow them to generate low-frequency sounds almost as powerful as those of a jet takeoff provide ideal frames for receiving ground vibrations and conducting them to the inner ear. Second, the elephant's toe bones rest on a fatty pad that might help focus vibrations from the ground into the bone. Finally, the elephant's enormous brain lies in the cranial cavity behind the eyes in line with the auditory canal. The front of the skull is riddled with sinus cavities that may function as resonating chambers for vibrations from the ground.

D How the elephants sense these vibrations is still unknown, but O'Connell-Rodwell who just earned a graduate degree in entomology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, suspects the pachyderms are "listening" with their trunks and feet. The trunk may be the most versatile appendage in nature. Its uses include drinking, bathing, smelling, feeding and scratching. Both trunk and feet contain two kinds of pressure-sensitive nerve endings-one that detects infrasonic vibrations and another that responds to vibrations with slightly higher frequencies. For O'Connell-Rodwell, the future of the research is boundless and unpredictable: "Our work is really at the interface of geophysics, neurophysiology and ecology," she says. "We're asking questions that no one has really dealt with before."

E Scientists have long known that seismic communication is common in small animals, including spiders, scorpions, insects and a number of vertebrate species such as white-lipped frogs, blind mole rats, kangaroo rats and golden moles. They also have found evidence of seismic sensitivity in elephant seals-2-ton marine mammals that are not related to elephants. But O'Connell-Rodwell was the first to suggest that a large land animal also is sending and receiving seismic messages. O'Connell-Rodwell noticed something about the freezing behavior of Etosha's six-ton bulls that reminded her of the tiny insects back in her lab. "I did my masters thesis on seismic communication in planthoppers," she says. "I'd put a male planthopper on a stem and play back a female call, and the male would do the same thing the elephants were doing: He would freeze, then press down on his legs, go forward a little bit, then freeze again. It was just so fascinating to me, and it's what got me to think, maybe there's something else going on other than acoustic communication."

F Scientists have determined that an elephant's ability to communicate over long distances is essential for its survival, particularly in a place like Etosha, where more than 2,400 savanna elephants range over an area larger than New Jersey. The difficulty of finding a mate in this vast wilderness is compounded by elephant reproductive biology. Females breed only when in estrus - a period of sexual arousal that occurs every two years and lasts just a few days. "Females in estrus make these very low, long calls that bulls home in on, because it's such a rare event," O'Connell-Rodwell says. These powerful estrus calls carry more than two miles in the air and may be accompanied by long-distance seismic signals, she adds. Breeding herds also use low-frequency vocalizations to warn of predators. Adult bulls and cows have no enemies, except for humans, but young elephants are susceptible to attacks by lions and hyenas. When a predator appears, older members of the herd emit intense warning calls that prompt the rest of the herd to clump together for protection, then flee. In 1994, O'Connell-Rodwell recorded the dramatic cries of a breeding herd threatened by lions at Mushara.

G Reacting to a warning call played in the air is one thing, but could the elephants detect calls transmitted only through the ground? To find out, the research team in 2002 devised an experiment using electronic equipment that allowed them to send signals through the ground at Mushara. The results of our 2002 study showed us that elephants do indeed detect warning calls played through the ground, O'Connell-Rodwell observes. "We expected them to clump up into tight groups and leave the area, and that's in fact what they did. But since we only played back one type of call, we couldn't really say whether they were interpreting it correctly. Maybe they thought it was a vehicle or something strange instead of a predator warning."

H An experiment last year was designed to solve that problem by using three different recordings - the 1994 warning call from Mushara, an anti-predator call recorded by scientist Joyce Poole in Kenya and an artificial warble tone. Although still analyzing data from this experiment, O'Connell-Rodwell is able to make a few preliminary observations: "The data I've seen so far suggest that the elephants were responding like I had expected. When the '94 warning call was played back, they tended to clump together and leave the water hole sooner. But what's really interesting is that the unfamiliar anti-predator call from Kenya also caused them to clump up, get nervous and aggressively rumble - but they didn't necessarily leave. I didn't think it was going to be that clear cut."